TCS Interview Questions, Process, and Tips

Q1. API Gateway implementation
Ans. 
API Gateway implementation is a centralized service that routes, manages, and secures API calls.
• API Gateway acts as a single entry point for all API calls

• It can handle authentication, rate limiting, caching, and request/response transformations

• Examples include AWS API Gateway, Apigee, Kong
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Q2. Circuit breaker implementation
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Circuit breaker is a design pattern used to prevent system overload by temporarily stopping requests to a failing service.
• Circuit breaker monitors requests to a service and opens when the service fails repeatedly.

• It helps prevent cascading failures and allows the system to gracefully degrade.

• Once the circuit breaker is open, it can periodically check if the service has recovered before allowing requests again.
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Q3. What is deadlock? How to avoid it?
Ans. 
Deadlock is a situation in which two or more processes are unable to proceed because each is waiting for the other to release a resource.
• Avoid circular wait by ensuring processes request resources in the same order.

• Prevent hold and wait by requiring processes to request all needed resources at once.

• Implement a timeout mechanism to break potential deadlocks.

• Use resource allocation graphs to detect and prevent deadlocks.

• ...read more
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Q4. Explain equals() method
Ans. 
The equals() method is used to compare the contents of two objects for equality.
• The equals() method is a method of the Object class in Java.

• It is used to compare the contents of two objects for equality.

• The default implementation of equals() in the Object class compares memory addresses, so it is often overridden in custom classes to compare content.

• Example: String class overrides equals() method to compare the content
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Q5. How mongodb was integrated in your application?
Ans. 
MongoDB was integrated in the application by using the official Java driver and configuring connection settings.
• Used the official MongoDB Java driver to interact with the database

• Configured connection settings such as host, port, database name, and authentication credentials

• Implemented CRUD operations using MongoDB Java driver methods

• Utilized MongoDB aggregation framework for complex queries
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Q6. What is hibernate?
Ans. 
Hibernate is an open-source Java framework that simplifies the development of database interactions in Java applications.
• Hibernate is an Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) tool that maps Java objects to database tables.

• It provides a way to perform database operations using Java objects instead of writing SQL queries.

• Hibernate handles the mapping of Java classes to database tables and vice versa, as well as the generation ...read more
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Q7. Runnable vs Callable interface
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Runnable is a functional interface with a single run() method, while Callable is a functional interface with a single call() method.
• Runnable is used for tasks that do not return a result, while Callable is used for tasks that return a result.

• Callable can throw checked exceptions, while Runnable cannot.

• Callable returns a Future object, which can be used to retrieve the result of the computation.

• Example: Runnable - execu...read more
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Q8. Which type of data is returned by Callable interface?
Ans. 
The Callable interface in Java returns a Future object.
• Callable interface returns a Future object which represents the result of a computation that may not be available yet.

• The Future object can be used to retrieve the result of the computation, check if it is done, or cancel the computation.

• Example: Callable<Integer> task = () -> { return 42; }
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Q9. HashMap internal working
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Q10. Concurrent HashMap internal working
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Q11. How to monitor health of your application?
Ans. 
Monitor application health using metrics, logs, alerts, and performance monitoring tools.
• Use monitoring tools like Prometheus, Grafana, or New Relic to track key metrics such as CPU usage, memory usage, response times, and error rates.

• Implement logging to record important events and errors in your application. Use tools like ELK stack (Elasticsearch, Logstash, Kibana) for log analysis.

• Set up alerts to notify you of any...read more
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Q12. How to call an API in a Microservice architecture?
Ans. 
To call an API in a Microservice architecture, use HTTP requests or messaging protocols like gRPC.
• Use HTTP requests to communicate between microservices

• Implement RESTful APIs for easy integration

• Leverage messaging protocols like gRPC for efficient communication

• Consider using service discovery mechanisms for dynamic API calls
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Q13. Explain Profiles
Ans. 
Profiles in Java are configurations that define the capabilities of a Java platform.
• Profiles allow developers to target specific types of devices or applications.

• They help in reducing the size of the Java runtime environment by including only the necessary APIs.

• Examples include Java SE Embedded Profile for embedded devices and Java SE Compact Profile for resource-constrained environments.
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Q14. What is OpenFeign, and how is it used in microservices architecture?
Ans. 
OpenFeign is a declarative web service client used to simplify the process of making HTTP requests in microservices architecture.
• OpenFeign allows developers to define RESTful web services as interfaces and automatically generate the necessary implementation code.

• It integrates seamlessly with Spring Cloud and other microservices frameworks to facilitate communication between services.

• OpenFeign supports features like loa...read more
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Q15. What is the implementation process for service registry and discovery?
Ans. 
Service registry and discovery involves registering services and allowing clients to discover and connect to them.
• Implement a service registry where services can register themselves with metadata

• Use a service discovery mechanism for clients to find and connect to services

• Implement health checks to ensure services are available and healthy

• Use a load balancer to distribute traffic among multiple instances of a service
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Q16. What are Spring boot actuators?
Ans. 
Spring Boot Actuators are built-in tools that provide insight into the running application.
• Actuators expose various endpoints to monitor and manage the application.

• They can be used to check health, metrics, environment details, and more.

• Examples include /actuator/health, /actuator/metrics, and /actuator/env.
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Q17. Synchronous vs Asynchronous communication
Ans. 
Synchronous communication is blocking, while asynchronous communication is non-blocking.
• Synchronous communication waits for a response before continuing, while asynchronous communication does not wait.

• Examples of synchronous communication include traditional function calls, while examples of asynchronous communication include callbacks and promises.

• Synchronous communication can lead to performance issues if there are d...read more
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Q18. Explain Synchronized keyword
Ans. 
Synchronized keyword is used in Java to control access to shared resources by multiple threads.
• Synchronized keyword can be applied to methods or code blocks to ensure only one thread can access the synchronized code at a time.

• It prevents race conditions and ensures thread safety by creating a lock on the object or class.

• Example: synchronized void myMethod() { // synchronized code block }
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Q19. What are the consequences of excessively using synchronized blocks and methods in Java?
Ans. 
Excessive use of synchronized blocks and methods in Java can lead to performance issues and potential deadlocks.
• Decreased performance due to increased contention for locks

• Potential deadlocks if multiple threads are waiting for each other to release locks

• Increased complexity and difficulty in debugging and maintaining code

• Use synchronized sparingly and consider alternatives like ConcurrentHashMap or Lock interface
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Q20. How can you determine the number of threads needed for your application?
Ans. 
The number of threads needed for an application can be determined based on factors like the type of tasks, hardware resources, and performance requirements.
• Consider the type of tasks your application needs to perform - CPU-bound tasks may benefit from more threads, while I/O-bound tasks may not.

• Take into account the hardware resources available - more threads may be beneficial on a multi-core processor compared to a si...read more
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Q21. Explain Executor framework
Ans. 
Executor framework is a framework in Java that provides a way to manage and execute tasks asynchronously.
• Allows for managing thread execution in a more efficient way

• Provides a way to decouple task submission from task execution

• Supports various types of executors like ThreadPoolExecutor and ScheduledExecutorService

• Helps in handling tasks concurrently and asynchronously
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Q22. Explain BlockingQueue
Ans. 
BlockingQueue is an interface in Java that represents a queue which supports operations that wait for the queue to become non-empty when retrieving an element and wait for space to become available in the queue when adding an element.
• BlockingQueue is part of the java.util.concurrent package.

• It is used for implementing producer-consumer scenarios where multiple threads are involved.

• Methods like put() and take() are used...read more
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Q1. Why did you leave your previous company?
Ans. 
Seeking new challenges and opportunities for growth.
• Desire for career advancement

• Looking for new challenges

• Seeking better work-life balance

• Company restructuring or downsizing

• Relocation to a new area
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Q2. Other basic questions asked regarding the relevant skills and technologies I have worked with.
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Q1. Why Angular is used and What is SPA.
Ans. 
Angular is a powerful framework for building dynamic single-page applications (SPAs) using TypeScript.
• Angular provides a structured approach to building web applications, making it easier to manage complex UIs.

• It uses components to encapsulate functionality, promoting reusability and maintainability.

• Angular's two-way data binding ensures that changes in the UI reflect in the model and vice versa, enhancing user experie...read more
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Q2. RxJs Operators like mergeMap, switchMap, concatMap and NgRx related questions.
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Q3. Basic with little advanced questions related to angular.
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Q1. What is day to day activities, what process you're following.
Ans. 
As a Senior Software Engineer, my day involves coding, collaboration, and continuous learning to deliver high-quality software.
• Daily stand-up meetings to discuss progress and blockers.

• Code reviews to ensure quality and share knowledge with the team.

• Collaborating with product managers to refine requirements and prioritize tasks.

• Writing and maintaining unit tests to ensure code reliability.

• Participating in sprint plannin
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I could relate to my knowledge.

Q1. What are the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts in Java?
Ans. 
OOP concepts in Java include classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, encapsulation, and abstraction.
• Classes: Blueprint for creating objects.

• Objects: Instances of classes that encapsulate data and behavior.

• Inheritance: Allows a class to inherit properties and methods from another class.

• Polymorphism: Ability to present the same interface for different data types.

• Encapsulation: Bundling data and methods that operate ...read more
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Q2. Can you explain what you have learned in Java?
Ans. 
I have learned Java programming language extensively, including object-oriented programming concepts, data structures, and algorithms.
• Extensive knowledge of Java syntax and features

• Understanding of object-oriented programming concepts like inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation

• Experience with data structures such as arrays, linked lists, stacks, and queues

• Knowledge of algorithms like sorting, searching, and graph...read more
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Q3. Can you explain what all knowledge do you have in java
Ans. 
I have extensive knowledge in Java programming language, including core concepts, data structures, multithreading, and design patterns.
• Strong understanding of core Java concepts such as OOP, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation

• Experience with data structures and algorithms in Java, including arrays, linked lists, trees, and graphs

• Proficient in multithreading and concurrency in Java, including synchronization an...read more
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Q1. Are you willing to relocate?
Ans. 
Yes, I am open to relocating for the right opportunity.
• I am open to relocating for the right job opportunity

• I am willing to move to a new location if required for the role

• I am flexible and adaptable to new environments
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Q2. How would you handle a situation in which you receive no support from your team on a project?
Ans. 
I would address the issue by communicating with my team, seeking feedback, and finding alternative solutions.
• Initiate a meeting with the team to discuss the lack of support and understand their perspectives

• Seek feedback on how to improve collaboration and address any concerns

• Explore alternative solutions or resources to move the project forward

• Maintain open communication and transparency throughout the process
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Q1. React Life cycle
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Q2. What React hooks have you utilized in your projects?
Ans. 
I have utilized useState, useEffect, useContext, and useRef hooks in my projects.
• useState - for managing state in functional components

• useEffect - for handling side effects in functional components

• useContext - for accessing context in functional components

• useRef - for accessing DOM elements or storing mutable values
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Q3. What is Redux, and what are the differences between Redux and Context?
Ans. 
Redux is a predictable state container for JavaScript apps. It helps manage the state of an application in a centralized way.
• Redux is a state management library commonly used with React to manage the state of an application.

• It follows a unidirectional data flow pattern, where the state is stored in a single store and changes are made through actions and reducers.

• Redux allows for a more structured way of managing state ...read more
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Q4. What is the difference between visibility: hidden and display: none in CSS?
Ans. 
visibility: hidden hides an element but still takes up space, while display: none hides an element and removes it from the flow of the document.
• visibility: hidden hides the element but it still occupies space on the page

• display: none hides the element and removes it from the document flow

• visibility: hidden elements are still rendered, just not visible

• display: none elements are not rendered at all
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Q5. What are JavaScript closures, the temporal dead zone (TDZ), hoisting, and the JavaScript engine?
Ans. 
JavaScript closures, TDZ, hoisting, and the JavaScript engine are key concepts in understanding how JavaScript works.
• JavaScript closures are functions that have access to variables from their outer scope even after the outer function has finished executing.

• Temporal Dead Zone (TDZ) is the period between entering a scope and the variable being declared where accessing the variable results in a ReferenceError.

• Hoisting is ...read more
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Identify the duplicate character in the string.

There are two main sections: foundation and advanced. The foundation section consists of three subsections: quantitative, reasoning, and verbal. If you pass the foundation section but do not clear the advanced section, you will be considered for either the ninja role or the digital role during the interview process. The advanced section includes advanced aptitude questions and two coding questions.

Q1. Can you provide an introduction about yourself?
Ans. 
Experienced System Engineer with a strong background in network infrastructure and cloud computing.
• Over 5 years of experience in designing, implementing, and maintaining complex IT systems

• Proficient in network security protocols and troubleshooting techniques

• Skilled in virtualization technologies such as VMware and Hyper-V

• Certified in Cisco CCNA and CompTIA Network+

• Strong problem-solving and communication skills
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Q2. 3 to 4 questions based on database
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Q3. 2 easy coding questions
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Q4. Questions based on technology that I knew
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Q5. Situation based questions
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Q1. What is a directive in Angular?
Ans. 
Directives in Angular are markers on a DOM element that tell Angular to attach a specified behavior to that DOM element or transform it.
• Directives are used to create reusable components or add behavior to existing elements.

• There are three types of directives in Angular: Component, Structural, and Attribute directives.

• Examples of built-in directives in Angular include ngIf, ngFor, and ngStyle.
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Q2. What are pipes and what are their types?
Ans. 
Pipes are a form of inter-process communication used in Unix-like operating systems to send data between processes.
• Pipes allow communication between processes by connecting the standard output of one process to the standard input of another process

• There are two types of pipes: unnamed pipes and named pipes (also known as FIFOs)

• Unnamed pipes are created using the pipe system call and exist only as long as the processes ...read more
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Q3. What is the dependency injection (DI) system in Angular?
Ans. 
DI system in Angular is a design pattern where dependencies are injected into a class rather than the class creating them.
• DI helps in creating loosely coupled components in Angular applications.

• It allows for easier testing and maintenance of code.

• Dependencies are provided to a component through its constructor.

• Angular's DI system is hierarchical, meaning dependencies can be injected at different levels of the applicati...read more
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Q4. What is an HTTP Interceptor, and can you provide an example of its use?
Ans. 
An HTTP Interceptor is a middleware component that intercepts incoming and outgoing HTTP requests in an application.
• HTTP Interceptors are commonly used in Angular applications to modify or log HTTP requests/responses.

• They can be used to add headers, handle errors, or perform authentication.

• An example of using an HTTP Interceptor is adding an authorization token to every outgoing request for secure API calls.
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Q5. What is the difference between localStorage and sessionStorage?
Ans. 
localStorage and sessionStorage are both web storage options in JavaScript, but they have different scopes and lifetimes.
• localStorage stores data with no expiration date, while sessionStorage stores data for one session only

• localStorage data persists even after the browser is closed and reopened, while sessionStorage data is lost when the browser is closed

• Both can only store strings, but can be converted to other data
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Q6. What are design patterns commonly used in Angular?
Ans. 
Common design patterns in Angular include Singleton, Observer, Factory, and Dependency Injection.
• Singleton pattern ensures a class has only one instance and provides a global point of access to it.

• Observer pattern defines a one-to-many dependency between objects so that when one object changes state, all its dependents are notified and updated automatically.

• Factory pattern is used to create objects without specifying t...read more
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Q7. What is the role of route guards in Angular, and what are their types?
Ans. 
Route guards in Angular are used to control access to certain routes in an application.
• Route guards are used to protect routes in Angular applications by controlling whether a route can be activated or not.

• There are three types of route guards in Angular: CanActivate, CanActivateChild, and CanDeactivate.

• CanActivate guard is used to determine if a route can be activated.

• CanActivateChild guard is used to determine if a c...read more
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Q8. What are the methods for communication between components?
Ans. 
Methods for communication between components include synchronous and asynchronous communication, message queues, APIs, and web services.
• Synchronous communication: Components communicate in real-time, waiting for a response before proceeding.

• Asynchronous communication: Components communicate without waiting for a response, allowing for parallel processing.

• Message queues: Components send messages to a queue for other com...read more
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