Types of foundations Types of retention systems Definition of spt and how to conduct the same Define RQD,RMR,GSI, Core recovery

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Types of foundations, retention systems, and geotechnical terms.

Types of foundations include shallow foundations (e.g. spread footings, mat foundations) and deep foundations (e.g. piles, drilled shafts).
Retention systems refer to structures used to retain soil or other materials, such as sheet piles, soldier piles and lagging, and soil nails.
SPT (Standard Penetration Test) is a common in-situ test to determine soil properties. It involves driving a split-spoon sampler into the ground and recording the number of blows required to penetrate each foot.
RQD (Rock Quality Designation) is a measure of rock mass quality based on the percentage of intact rock pieces in a core sample.
RMR (Rock Mass Rating) is a geotechnical classification system for rock masses based on several parameters such as RQD, joint spacing, and groundwater conditions.
GSI (Geological Strength Index) is a numerical index used to estimate the strength and deformation characteristics of rock masses.
Core recovery refers to the percentage of intact core recovered during drilling operations, which is important for assessing the quality of the rock sample.

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