What are the hazards and precautions associated with excavation, and what types of soil and angles should be considered?

Question

Accepted Answer

Excavation hazards include cave-ins, falls, and equipment accidents; precautions involve proper shoring and soil assessment.

Cave-ins are the most serious hazard; use trench boxes or shoring to prevent collapses.
Soil types: cohesive (clay) and non-cohesive (sand); cohesive soils can stand at steeper angles.
Follow OSHA guidelines for excavation safety, including proper signage and barriers.
Angle of repose: typically 1:1 for sandy soils, 3:1 for clay; adjust based on soil type and moisture.
Ensure proper drainage to prevent water accumulation, which can weaken soil stability.

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