What is Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), and what are its features and types?

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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, which can contain data and code.

Encapsulation: OOP allows bundling of data and methods that operate on that data within a single unit, or class. For example, a 'Car' class can encapsulate properties like 'color' and methods like 'drive()'.
Inheritance: OOP enables a new class to inherit properties and methods from an existing class, promoting code reusability. For instance, a 'SportsCar' class can inherit from the 'Car' class.
Polymorphism: OOP allows methods to do different things based on the object it is acting upon, enabling a single interface to represent different underlying forms. For example, a 'draw()' method can behave differently for 'Circle' and 'Square' classes.
Abstraction: OOP provides a way to hide complex implementation details and expose only the necessary parts of an object. For example, a 'BankAccount' class can hide the details of how transactions are processed.

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