50+ L2 Engineer Interview Questions and Answers

Radiography testing (RT) and ultrasonic testing (UT) are both non-destructive testing methods used to detect flaws in materials.

• Radiography testing uses X-rays or gamma rays to create an image of the internal structure of an object, while ultrasonic testing uses high-frequency sound waves.

• RT is typically used for thicker materials and can detect both surface and subsurface defects, while UT is more commonly used for thinner materials and can only detect surface defects.

• RT pro...read more

Design patterns are reusable solutions to common software problems.

• Creational patterns: Singleton, Factory, Abstract Factory, Builder

• Structural patterns: Adapter, Bridge, Composite, Decorator, Facade, Flyweight, Proxy

• Behavioral patterns: Chain of Responsibility, Command, Interpreter, Iterator, Mediator, Memento, Observer, State, Strategy, Template Method, Visitor

Essential variables are crucial for the functioning of a system, while non-essential variables are not necessary but may provide additional information.

• Essential variables are required for the system to operate correctly.

• Non-essential variables are not necessary for the system's basic functionality.

• Essential variables are typically directly related to the core purpose of the system.

• Non-essential variables may provide supplementary data or enhance the system's performance.

• For ...read more

Sample classes for Spring Boot entity, service, and controller layers with annotations

• Create entity classes with @Entity and @Id annotations

• Create service classes with @Service annotation and inject repository classes with @Autowired annotation

• Create controller classes with @RestController and @RequestMapping annotations

• Use @GetMapping, @PostMapping, @PutMapping, and @DeleteMapping annotations for HTTP methods

• Use @RequestBody and @PathVariable annotations for request paramete...read more

OOPs concepts are used in my project for creating reusable and modular code.

• I use inheritance to create a base class for common functionalities and then derive specific classes from it.

• Encapsulation is used to hide the internal implementation details of a class and only expose necessary methods and properties.

• Polymorphism allows me to use a single interface to represent different data types or objects.

• Abstraction helps in defining the structure of classes without specifying t...read more

Hash map is an internal data structure that maps keys to values. Comparator is used to compare objects for sorting.

• Hash map uses a hash function to map keys to indices in an array

• Comparator is used to compare objects for sorting in collections like TreeSet or TreeMap

• Example of hash map implementation in Java: HashMap

• Example of using a comparator in Java: Collections.sort(list, comparator)

One concept from my studies in chemical process engineering is mass transfer, which involves the movement of materials from one phase to another.

• Mass transfer is crucial in industries such as pharmaceuticals, food processing, and environmental engineering.

• Examples include the extraction of essential oils from plants using steam distillation, the separation of components in a chemical reaction using a distillation column, and the removal of pollutants from wastewater through a...read more

Major breakdowns include server crashes, while minor breakdowns may involve software glitches.

• Major breakdown: Server crash - Solution: Restart server and investigate root cause

• Minor breakdown: Software glitch - Solution: Update software or restart application

• Major breakdown: Network failure - Solution: Check network connections and troubleshoot

• Minor breakdown: Printer jam - Solution: Clear jammed paper and reset printer

Yes, I managed a CI/CD pipeline in my project.

• Setting up automated testing was a challenge due to compatibility issues.

• Integrating different tools and technologies caused some delays.

• Ensuring smooth deployment across multiple environments required careful planning.

No, RT cannot replace UT examination.

• RT (Radiographic Testing) and UT (Ultrasonic Testing) are two different non-destructive testing methods used in engineering.

• RT uses X-rays or gamma rays to inspect the internal structure of an object, while UT uses sound waves to detect flaws or measure thickness.

• Each method has its own advantages and limitations, and they are often used in combination to ensure comprehensive inspection.

• For example, RT is effective for detecting internal d...read more

During a line down situation, managing line output involves troubleshooting, identifying the root cause, implementing solutions, and communicating with stakeholders.

• Quickly troubleshoot to identify the root cause of the line down

• Implement temporary solutions to restore line output if possible

• Communicate with relevant teams and stakeholders to keep them informed

• Work on permanent solutions to prevent future line down situations

• Document the incident and steps taken for future re...read more

Safety in chemical process design and operation is prioritized through thorough risk assessments, implementing safety protocols, providing proper training, and continuous monitoring.

• Conducting thorough risk assessments to identify potential hazards and risks in the chemical process

• Implementing safety protocols and procedures to mitigate risks and prevent accidents

• Providing proper training to all personnel involved in the process to ensure they are aware of safety measures and...read more

PPAP ensures that suppliers meet quality standards before mass production begins.

• PPAP is a standardized process used in the automotive and manufacturing industries.

• It includes documentation like design records, engineering change documents, and process flow diagrams.

• The goal is to confirm that the production process can consistently produce parts that meet specifications.

• An example of PPAP documentation is the Part Submission Warrant (PSW), which summarizes the approval statu...read more

Material standards ensure quality, safety, and performance in various industries through defined specifications and testing methods.

• ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) - sets standards for materials like metals, plastics, and textiles.

• ISO (International Organization for Standardization) - provides international standards for various materials and processes.

• EN (European Norm) - standards used across Europe for materials, ensuring safety and compatibility.

• SAE (Soc...read more

Suppliers implement various countermeasures to address abnormalities, ensuring quality and compliance in their processes.

• Conduct root cause analysis to identify the source of the abnormality.

• Implement corrective actions, such as redesigning a faulty component.

• Enhance quality control measures, like increasing inspection frequency.

• Provide training to staff on new protocols to prevent recurrence.

• Engage in continuous improvement initiatives, such as Six Sigma.

Yes, QAP/ITP stands for Quality Assurance Plan/Inspection and Test Plan.

• QAP/ITP is a document that outlines the quality assurance and inspection procedures for a project or product.

• It includes details about the tests to be conducted, acceptance criteria, and responsibilities of different stakeholders.

• QAP/ITP ensures that the project or product meets the required quality standards and specifications.

• For example, in construction projects, a QAP/ITP may specify the tests to be p...read more

Software used in FTTx design

• AutoCAD for creating network diagrams

• Geographic Information System (GIS) for mapping

• Optical Network Design and Planning (ONDAP) for fiber optic network planning

• FiberPlanIT for designing and optimizing FTTx networks

• Google Earth for visualizing network routes

• Bentley Fiber for designing and documenting fiber networks

The direction of current flow is opposite to the direction of electron flow due to historical convention.

• The concept of current flow was developed before the discovery of electrons.

• Benjamin Franklin proposed the convention of positive charge carriers, which led to the opposite direction of current flow.

• In reality, electrons are negatively charged and flow from the negative terminal to the positive terminal of a power source.

• However, the convention of current flow from positiv...read more

To handle waste material on site, proper planning, monitoring, and training of staff are essential. Concrete temperature tests are conducted to ensure the quality and strength of the concrete.

• Implement a waste management plan to track and minimize material wastage on site

• Train staff on proper handling and storage of materials to prevent wastage

• Regularly monitor material usage and wastage to identify areas for improvement

• Reuse or recycle materials whenever possible to reduce w...read more

Understanding structural analysis and design principles is crucial for civil engineers to ensure safety and stability in constructions.

• SFD & BMD Diagrams: Shear Force Diagram (SFD) and Bending Moment Diagram (BMD) are graphical representations used to analyze internal forces in beams.

• Design of Beam, Column, and Footing: Structural elements must be designed to support loads safely; for example, a reinforced concrete beam must meet specific load-bearing criteria.

• Stability of Fr...read more

STP is a network protocol that prevents loops in Ethernet networks. OSPF and BGP are routing protocols used to exchange routing information.

• STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) is used to prevent loops in Ethernet networks by creating a loop-free logical topology.

• STP works by electing a root bridge and calculating the shortest path to the root bridge for each network segment.

• OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is an interior gateway protocol used for routing within an autonomous system.

• O...read more

No, primary keys should not be deleted as they uniquely identify each record in a database.

• Primary keys are essential for maintaining data integrity and ensuring uniqueness of records.

• Deleting a primary key can lead to data inconsistencies and errors in the database.

• If a primary key needs to be changed, it is better to update it rather than delete it.

I have automated approximately 500 test cases.

• I have automated test cases for critical functionalities to ensure robustness.

• I have automated regression test cases to save time and effort during testing.

• I have automated boundary test cases to ensure the system handles extreme scenarios.

• I have automated negative test cases to validate error handling.

• I have automated performance test cases to assess system response under load.

• Example: Automated login test cases, data validation ...read more

Migrating from PostgreSQL to MySQL involves careful planning, data transformation, and application adjustments, including Hibernate dialect changes.

• Assess Compatibility: Review data types and features in PostgreSQL that may not have direct equivalents in MySQL, such as JSONB or array types.

• Data Export: Use tools like pg_dump to export data from PostgreSQL and convert it into a format compatible with MySQL, such as CSV.

• Schema Conversion: Adjust the database schema to match MyS...read more

Difference and least count of measuring instruments

• Difference: Range of values that can be measured by the instrument

• Least count: Smallest change in the quantity being measured that can be detected by the instrument

• Examples: Vernier caliper - Difference: 0-150mm, Least count: 0.02mm; Micrometer screw gauge - Difference: 0-25mm, Least count: 0.01mm

Mapping temperature controlled rooms involves creating a visual representation of temperature distribution within the space.

• Use sensors to collect temperature data at various points in the room

• Create a map or diagram showing temperature gradients and hot/cold spots

• Implement HVAC systems to regulate temperature based on mapping results

Quality of mesh in FEM is checked by examining element shapes, aspect ratios, and convergence of results.

• Check element shapes to ensure they are not distorted or skewed

• Evaluate aspect ratios to ensure they are within acceptable limits

• Verify convergence of results by refining the mesh and comparing results