Top 250 System Design Interview Questions and Answers 2025

A system for managing college fests

• Create a website for event registration and ticketing

• Develop a mobile app for real-time updates and notifications

• Implement a database to store event details and participant information

• Integrate payment gateway for online transactions

• Include features for event scheduling, venue management, and volunteer coordination

Design Facebook API

• Define the basic interface for the API

• Implement functionality for user authentication and authorization

• Create endpoints for posting, retrieving, and deleting posts

• Include features for liking, commenting, and sharing posts

• Implement a search functionality for users, posts, and hashtags

• Design a notification system for user interactions

• Consider scalability and performance optimizations

Designing a system involves creating a high-level architecture and breaking it down into low-level components.

• Start by identifying the problem the system needs to solve

• Create a high-level architecture that outlines the major components and their interactions

• Break down each component into smaller, more manageable pieces

• Design each low-level component with a specific function in mind

• Ensure that all components work together seamlessly

• Consider scalability, security, and maintaina...read more

Designing the architecture for Uber's software system

• Use microservices architecture for scalability and flexibility

• Implement a robust backend system for handling user requests and driver matching

• Utilize real-time data processing for tracking driver locations and ride requests

• Incorporate a payment gateway for seamless transactions

• Include a rating system for feedback and quality control

Designing a messaging system like Whatsapp, Telegram

• Use end-to-end encryption to ensure secure communication

• Implement features like group chats, voice/video calls, file sharing

• Utilize push notifications for real-time updates

• Design a user-friendly interface for easy navigation

• Include features like status updates, emojis, and stickers

Designing a distributed system involves breaking down a large application into smaller, interconnected components that can communicate with each other.

• Identify the components and their responsibilities

• Choose a communication protocol

• Ensure fault tolerance and scalability

• Implement load balancing

• Use distributed databases or caching systems

• Consider security and authentication

• Test thoroughly for performance and reliability

Design a system for messaging multiple teams at a time.

• Implement a messaging platform with channels for each team

• Allow users to subscribe to multiple teams' channels

• Provide options for real-time messaging and notifications

• Include features like file sharing, message search, and user mentions

Design YouTube as microservice

• Use microservices architecture to break down the functionalities of YouTube

• Create separate services for video upload, video processing, video storage, user authentication, search, recommendation, etc.

• Use message queues to communicate between services

• Implement load balancing and auto-scaling to handle high traffic

• Ensure fault tolerance and data consistency

• Use containerization tools like Docker and Kubernetes for deployment

Design a bookmyshow system

• Design a system to book and manage movie tickets

• Consider features like seat selection, payment, and ticket cancellation

• Include user authentication and authorization

• Implement a database to store movie and theater information

• Consider scalability and performance of the system

To improve QPS of a production system, optimize code, use caching, scale horizontally, and use load balancers.

• Optimize code to reduce processing time

• Use caching to reduce database queries

• Scale horizontally by adding more servers

• Use load balancers to distribute traffic evenly

• Use asynchronous processing to handle requests faster

Design HLD and LLD of Zomato

• High-Level Design (HLD) should include the overall architecture of the system, including components and their interactions

• Low-Level Design (LLD) should include detailed design of each component, including data structures, algorithms, and interfaces

• HLD should consider scalability, availability, and fault tolerance

• LLD should consider performance, security, and maintainability

• Example components of Zomato system: user interface, search engine, recommen...read more

Capacity planning involves forecasting demand and allocating resources to meet that demand.

• Forecasting demand based on historical data and market trends

• Allocating resources such as labor, equipment, and inventory

• Using tools such as ERP systems and simulation models

• Adjusting plans based on changes in demand or resource availability

• Collaborating with suppliers and customers to optimize capacity

• Examples include production planning, workforce scheduling, and inventory management

Designing an elevator system for a building involves considering factors like capacity, speed, safety, and efficiency.

• Determine the number of floors and the expected traffic flow in the building

• Calculate the required capacity and speed of the elevators

• Consider safety features such as emergency stop buttons, fire-resistant materials, and backup power supply

• Implement efficient algorithms for elevator scheduling to minimize waiting time

• Incorporate user-friendly features like cle...read more

Implement a log watching solution to stream updates from a remote log file to a web-based client in real-time.

• Create a server-side program that monitors the log file and streams updates to clients

• Use a web-based client that displays the updates in real-time without page refresh

• Implement server-side logic to push updates to clients without retransmitting the entire file

• Handle multiple clients simultaneously

• Load the web page once and keep it updated with the latest log updates

• D...read more

Implement a system to check inventory when user clicks checkout on an Ecommerce App

• Create a database to store inventory levels for each product

• Implement a function that deducts the quantity of items in the cart from the available inventory

• Display a message to the user if an item is out of stock

• Provide an option for users to remove out-of-stock items from their cart

BookMyShow is an online platform for booking movie tickets and events. Here's the architecture design.

• The architecture should be scalable and flexible to handle high traffic during peak hours.

• The system should have multiple layers including presentation, application, and data storage.

• Use microservices architecture to break down the system into smaller, independent services.

• Implement caching mechanisms to improve performance and reduce load on the database.

• Use load balancers t...read more

We scaled the system by implementing horizontal scaling and load balancing.

• Implemented horizontal scaling by adding more servers to the system

• Implemented load balancing to distribute the workload evenly across servers

• Used caching to reduce database load

• Optimized database queries and indexes

• Implemented asynchronous processing to handle high traffic

• Used CDN to serve static content

• Implemented auto-scaling to handle sudden spikes in traffic

A notification system design for software engineering.

• Identify the types of notifications needed

• Determine the target audience for each notification

• Choose the appropriate delivery method (email, push notification, etc.)

• Design a user-friendly interface for managing notifications

• Implement a system for tracking and analyzing notification engagement

• Ensure the system is scalable and can handle high volumes of notifications

Designing a scalable system involves considering factors like load balancing, horizontal scaling, and fault tolerance.

• Utilize load balancing to distribute traffic evenly across servers.

• Implement horizontal scaling by adding more servers to handle increased load.

• Ensure fault tolerance by designing for redundancy and failover mechanisms.

• Use caching and database sharding to improve performance and scalability.

• Consider microservices architecture for better scalability and maintai...read more

I choose the respiratory system.

• The respiratory system is responsible for breathing and gas exchange.

• It includes the lungs, trachea, bronchi, and alveoli.

• The process of respiration involves inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide.

• Common respiratory disorders include asthma, COPD, and pneumonia.

Design a newspaper subscription system

• Create a user registration system

• Allow users to select subscription plan and payment method

• Provide options for delivery frequency and start/end dates

• Send reminders for subscription renewal

• Allow users to modify or cancel subscription

• Track subscription history and payment records

Design Zomato - a food delivery platform

• Zomato is a platform that connects users with restaurants for food delivery

• Users can search for restaurants, view menus, and place orders

• Restaurants can register, manage their menus, and receive orders

• Delivery partners can sign up to deliver orders

• Payment integration is required for seamless transactions

• User reviews and ratings can be implemented for restaurant feedback

• Location-based services can be used for accurate delivery tracking

Design considerations for a highly available application include redundancy, fault tolerance, load balancing, and disaster recovery.

• Implementing redundancy in critical components to ensure continuous operation

• Utilizing fault-tolerant architecture to handle failures without impacting availability

• Implementing load balancing to distribute traffic evenly across multiple servers

• Setting up disaster recovery mechanisms to quickly recover from unexpected outages

Design a URL shortener service

• Use a hashing algorithm to generate short URLs

• Store the original URL and its corresponding short URL in a database

• Implement a redirect mechanism to redirect users from the short URL to the original URL

• Consider scalability and performance by using distributed systems and caching

• Implement analytics to track the number of clicks and other metrics

Design a notification service for sending real-time alerts to users.

• Use a scalable messaging system like Kafka or RabbitMQ to handle high volume of notifications.

• Implement a user preference system to allow users to choose their preferred notification channels (email, SMS, push notifications, etc).

• Include a scheduling feature to send notifications at specific times or intervals.

• Ensure notifications are personalized and relevant to each user based on their activity or preferenc...read more

Design a service to aggregate multiple sources of data/documentation centrally.

• Identify sources of data/documentation

• Determine data aggregation method

• Design a centralized database to store aggregated data

• Develop a user-friendly interface to access the data

• Ensure data security and privacy

Designing a highly scalable inventory management system involves utilizing distributed databases, microservices architecture, and efficient data processing techniques.

• Utilize distributed databases to handle large volumes of data and ensure high availability.

• Implement microservices architecture to modularize the system and allow for easy scalability.

• Use efficient data processing techniques such as batch processing and stream processing to handle real-time updates and analytics...read more

The play store home page consists of various components that provide a user-friendly interface for browsing and discovering apps.

• Header section displaying the app logo, search bar, and navigation options

• Featured apps section showcasing popular or recommended apps

• Categories section for browsing apps based on different genres

• Top charts section displaying the most downloaded or highest-rated apps

• New releases section highlighting recently launched apps

• Editor's choice section feat...read more

Design an online food delivery platform

• Identify target audience and their needs

• Create a user-friendly interface for ordering food

• Develop a robust backend system for managing orders and deliveries

• Partner with local restaurants to offer a wide variety of cuisines

• Implement a payment gateway for secure transactions

• Provide real-time order tracking for customers

• Ensure food safety and quality through proper packaging and delivery

• Offer promotions and discounts to attract and retain c...read more

A database is a structured collection of data, while system design involves creating a plan for how different components of a system will work together.

• Database is used to store and organize data in a structured manner.

• System design involves creating a plan for how different components of a system will interact and work together efficiently.

• Examples of databases include MySQL, PostgreSQL, and MongoDB.

• Examples of system design considerations include scalability, reliability, a...read more

Components of the system refer to the different parts or elements that make up the overall system.

• Hardware components (e.g. servers, routers, switches)

• Software components (e.g. operating system, applications)

• Data components (e.g. databases, data storage)

• Network components (e.g. cables, routers, firewalls)

• User interface components (e.g. screens, buttons, menus)

Design a lift system using OOP principles

• Create classes for Lift, Floor, Button, and Person

• Use inheritance and polymorphism to model different types of lifts and buttons

• Implement methods for moving the lift, opening/closing doors, and handling button presses

• Use encapsulation to protect the internal state of the lift system

• Consider using design patterns like Observer for tracking state changes

Design attendance management system

• Create a database to store employee information

• Implement a user interface for employees to mark their attendance

• Develop a system to track and record attendance data

• Generate reports and analytics based on attendance data

Designing a high scale Multithreaded system requires careful consideration of thread synchronization, load balancing, and resource management.

• Identify the critical sections of code that need to be synchronized

• Choose an appropriate synchronization mechanism such as locks or semaphores

• Implement load balancing to distribute work evenly across threads

• Use thread pools to manage resources and limit the number of threads created

• Consider using asynchronous programming techniques to r...read more

A cab booking system designed using OOP principles

• Create classes for Cab, Customer, Driver, and Booking

• Use inheritance and polymorphism to handle different types of cabs and bookings

• Implement methods for booking a cab, assigning a driver, and calculating fare

• Use encapsulation to protect data and ensure data integrity

Designing Uber involves creating a scalable and efficient ride-sharing platform.

• Implement a user authentication system for drivers and passengers.

• Develop a real-time location tracking feature for drivers and passengers.

• Design a matching algorithm to pair drivers with passengers based on location and availability.

• Create a payment system for seamless transactions between drivers and passengers.

I would design the infrastructure by implementing a scalable and secure network architecture.

• Assess current infrastructure and identify areas for improvement

• Implement redundancy and failover systems to ensure high availability

• Utilize virtualization technology for efficient resource allocation

• Implement strong security measures such as firewalls, encryption, and access controls

• Regularly monitor and analyze network performance for optimization

Design a secure and efficient payment system for credit cards

• Implement tokenization to securely store credit card information

• Use encryption to protect sensitive data during transactions

• Integrate with payment gateways like Stripe or PayPal for processing payments

• Implement fraud detection algorithms to prevent unauthorized transactions

An E-Commerce system can be designed by identifying user requirements, selecting appropriate technologies, and implementing secure payment and shipping methods.

• Identify user requirements and create user stories

• Select appropriate technologies for front-end, back-end, and database

• Implement secure payment and shipping methods

• Design a user-friendly interface with easy navigation

• Ensure scalability and performance of the system

• Implement features like search, filters, and recommenda...read more

Design a system using image recognition technology

• Utilize deep learning algorithms for image recognition

• Collect and label a large dataset of images for training

• Implement a convolutional neural network (CNN) for image classification

• Use transfer learning to leverage pre-trained models for faster development

• Integrate the system with a user-friendly interface for input and output

Designing elevators and adding different roles.

• Design a system that can handle multiple elevators and floors

• Implement a scheduling algorithm to optimize elevator usage

• Add roles such as maintenance, emergency, and security

• Incorporate safety features such as emergency stop buttons and sensors

• Consider accessibility for individuals with disabilities

Design a Movie Theater ticket booking system

• Create a database to store movie information, showtimes, and seat availability

• Develop a user-friendly interface for customers to browse movies, select showtimes, and choose seats

• Implement a payment system for customers to purchase tickets online

• Include features like seat selection, seat reservation, and ticket confirmation

Design a tiny URL system with constraints

• Use a base conversion algorithm to generate short URLs from long URLs

• Store mappings of short URLs to long URLs in a database

• Implement a redirection service to redirect short URLs to long URLs

Design a parking lot

• Determine the size and capacity of the parking lot

• Decide on the layout and number of parking spaces

• Implement a system for managing parking spots and payments

• Consider adding features such as security cameras and lighting

• Ensure accessibility for disabled individuals

Designing a video streaming platform involves considering scalability, user experience, content delivery, and security.

• Consider scalability by using a distributed architecture to handle large numbers of concurrent users.

• Focus on user experience with intuitive interfaces, personalized recommendations, and seamless playback.

• Implement content delivery networks (CDNs) to ensure fast and reliable streaming across different regions.

• Prioritize security measures such as encryption, D...read more

Design a flight booking system with user authentication, flight search, booking, seat selection, and payment handling.

• Implement user authentication for secure access.

• Create a database of flights with availability and pricing.

• Allow users to search for flights based on criteria like date, destination, and number of passengers.

• Provide seat selection options for users during booking.

• Include a payment gateway for secure transactions.

• Implement cancellation policies for users to man...read more

Design a distributed system for generating tiny URLs

• Use a distributed key-value store to store mappings of short URLs to original URLs

• Implement a service that generates unique short URLs and stores them in the key-value store

• Use a load balancer to distribute requests to multiple instances of the service for scalability

• Consider using consistent hashing to evenly distribute the load across nodes in the system

Design a distributed rate limiter for managing incoming requests.

• Use a distributed key-value store like Redis to store request counts and timestamps.

• Implement a token bucket algorithm to control the rate of incoming requests.

• Use a distributed messaging system like Kafka for communication between rate limiter instances.

• Consider using consistent hashing to evenly distribute requests among rate limiter instances.

Design a search system with maximum features.

• Identify the scope and requirements of the search system

• Determine the search algorithm and ranking system

• Include filters and sorting options

• Implement autocomplete and suggestions

• Incorporate natural language processing and machine learning

• Ensure scalability and performance

• Provide analytics and reporting features

The system operates by performing a series of tasks to achieve a specific goal.

• The system receives input from the user or external sources.

• It processes the input using algorithms and logic.

• The processed data is then stored or displayed as output.

• The system may also have feedback mechanisms to improve performance.

• Examples include a computer system, a manufacturing assembly line, or a traffic control system.

Design a movie ticket booking system

• Use case: Users can search for movies, select showtimes, choose seats, and make payments

• Components: User authentication, movie database, showtime scheduling, seat selection, payment gateway

• Considerations: Seat availability, seat selection algorithm, payment security

High-level design for a Dropbox-like system

• Use a distributed file system to store files

• Implement a synchronization mechanism to ensure consistency across devices

• Use encryption to protect user data

• Implement a user authentication and authorization system

• Provide a web interface and mobile apps for easy access

• Consider scalability and fault tolerance

• Implement version control to allow users to revert to previous versions of files

Design a system for ticket booking platform

• Utilize a database to store information about events, venues, and available tickets

• Implement a user-friendly interface for customers to search, select, and purchase tickets

• Incorporate payment gateway for secure transactions

• Include features like seat selection, ticket printing, and email confirmation

• Develop an admin panel for managing events, venues, and ticket inventory

Design a system to handle 10 lacs transactions per second.

• Use distributed systems and load balancing to handle the high volume of transactions.

• Implement caching mechanisms to reduce database load.

• Use high-performance hardware and optimize code for speed.

• Consider using a NoSQL database for faster read/write operations.

• Implement fault-tolerant mechanisms to ensure system reliability.

• Use asynchronous processing to handle requests quickly.

• Consider using a message queue to handle ...read more

Design a feature for ad publishers to define restrictions on ad content.

• Create a user-friendly interface for publishers to set their content restrictions.

• Allow publishers to select specific categories of restricted content (e.g. porn, alcohol, violence).

• Implement a keyword-based filtering system to identify restricted content.

• Provide an option for publishers to upload custom lists of restricted keywords.

• Offer a preview feature to show publishers how their restrictions will af...read more

Design Instagram search feed suggestion

• Use user's search history to suggest relevant accounts and hashtags

• Implement machine learning algorithms to personalize suggestions

• Consider user's location and interests to suggest local accounts and events

• Allow users to customize their search feed preferences

• Provide real-time search suggestions as the user types

Active Active Architecture is a design approach that allows multiple instances of a system to be active and processing requests simultaneously.

• Active Active Architecture involves deploying multiple instances of a system in parallel.

• All instances are actively processing requests and sharing the workload.

• It provides high availability and scalability by distributing the load across multiple instances.

• Each instance can handle requests independently, reducing single points of fail...read more

Design a message queue system for efficient communication between components.

• Use a centralized message broker to manage message queues.

• Implement different types of queues like FIFO, priority, etc.

• Ensure message delivery guarantees like at least once or exactly once.

• Support for message acknowledgment and retry mechanisms.

• Consider scalability and fault tolerance in the design.

• Example: Use Apache Kafka or RabbitMQ as the message broker.

Problem solving skills have greatly impacted system design projects by enabling efficient identification and resolution of issues.

• Problem solving skills help in analyzing complex problems and breaking them down into manageable parts.

• They aid in identifying root causes of issues and developing effective solutions.

• Problem solving skills also contribute to critical thinking and decision making in system design projects.

• For example, when faced with a technical issue in a system d...read more

Configuration Management system design involves version control, change tracking, and deployment automation.

• Implement version control to track changes in configuration files

• Use a centralized repository for storing configuration files

• Automate deployment processes to ensure consistency and efficiency

• Implement access control to manage permissions for making changes

• Utilize tools like Git, Ansible, Puppet, or Chef for configuration management

The transaction process involves transferring funds from one account to another. A scheme is designed to ensure secure and accurate transfers.

• Verify the availability of sufficient funds in the sender's account

• Authenticate the sender's identity and authorization for the transaction

• Deduct the transfer amount from the sender's account balance

• Initiate a request to transfer the funds to the recipient's account

• Validate the recipient's account details

• Add the transferred amount to th...read more

Communication is crucial for system designers to ensure clear understanding of requirements and feedback.

• Communication helps in understanding the requirements of the system accurately.

• It allows for effective collaboration with team members and stakeholders.

• Feedback from users can be gathered through communication to improve the system design.

• Clear communication helps in avoiding misunderstandings and errors in the design process.

Utilize multiple distribution centers, automated assembly lines, and efficient transportation to distribute burgers quickly.

• Set up multiple distribution centers in strategic locations to cover a wide area

• Implement automated assembly lines to quickly prepare and package burgers

• Utilize efficient transportation methods such as drones or high-speed delivery vehicles

• Coordinate logistics and timing to ensure smooth and timely distribution

Design a system and add possible test cases to test it

• Design a system for a specific purpose (e.g. online shopping platform)

• Identify key components and interactions (e.g. user interface, database, payment gateway)

• Create test cases for each component (e.g. login functionality, product search, checkout process)

I will design a customer support system that is user-friendly, efficient, and personalized.

• Conduct research to understand customer needs and preferences

• Identify common customer issues and develop a knowledge base for quick resolution

• Implement a ticketing system to track and prioritize customer inquiries

• Integrate chatbots and AI to provide 24/7 support

• Train support staff to provide personalized and empathetic service

• Collect feedback and analyze data to continuously improve the...read more

Design a system for the stock market

• Define the scope of the system

• Identify the data sources and types of data to be collected

• Design a database schema to store the data

• Develop algorithms for data analysis and prediction

• Implement a user interface for traders to access the system

• Ensure the system is secure and scalable

Optimizing system design involves identifying inefficiencies, streamlining processes, and maximizing performance.

• Identify bottlenecks and areas of inefficiency in the current system design.

• Streamline processes by eliminating unnecessary steps and automating repetitive tasks.

• Maximize performance by optimizing algorithms, data structures, and resource allocation.

• Consider scalability and flexibility to accommodate future growth and changes.

• Regularly monitor and analyze system pe...read more

Designing a plumbing system involves planning the layout, selecting appropriate materials, sizing pipes, and ensuring proper drainage.

• Start by creating a detailed floor plan to map out the location of fixtures and pipes

• Select the appropriate materials based on the type of water supply and local building codes

• Size the pipes correctly to ensure adequate water flow and pressure

• Ensure proper drainage by sloping pipes towards the main sewer line

• Consider factors like water pressure...read more

Rate limiter for an API to control the number of requests per unit of time.

• Use a sliding window algorithm to track the number of requests within a specific time frame.

• Implement a token bucket algorithm to limit the number of requests that can be made.

• Consider using a distributed cache like Redis to store and manage request limits.

• Return appropriate HTTP status codes (e.g. 429 - Too Many Requests) when the limit is exceeded.

A simple system architecture for a Junior Software Developer

• Use a layered architecture with separate layers for presentation, business logic, and data access

• Choose appropriate technologies and frameworks based on the requirements

• Ensure scalability and maintainability by following best practices

• Implement security measures to protect sensitive data

• Consider fault tolerance and redundancy for high availability

• Document the architecture and communicate it effectively to the team

A payment gateway is a software application that facilitates online transactions between a merchant and a customer.

• The payment gateway should support multiple payment methods such as credit/debit cards, net banking, and digital wallets.

• It should have a secure and reliable infrastructure to ensure the safety of customer data.

• The gateway should have a user-friendly interface for easy navigation and payment processing.

• It should have a robust fraud detection system to prevent fra...read more

Yes, I have experience in designing Fire Protection systems.

• I have worked on designing fire sprinkler systems for commercial buildings.

• I am familiar with NFPA codes and standards related to fire protection.

• I have also designed fire alarm systems and emergency lighting systems.

• I have collaborated with architects and MEP engineers to ensure fire protection systems are integrated seamlessly into building design.

Design a scalable and efficient system for Amazon

• Use microservices architecture for scalability

• Implement caching mechanisms to reduce latency

• Utilize load balancing to distribute traffic evenly

• Use distributed databases for data storage and retrieval

• Implement monitoring and logging for performance tracking

Design a memory management system for efficient allocation and deallocation of memory in software applications.

• Implement a memory pool to pre-allocate a fixed amount of memory for frequent allocation and deallocation operations.

• Use garbage collection to automatically reclaim memory that is no longer in use.

• Implement memory segmentation to divide memory into different segments for better organization and management.

• Use smart pointers in C++ to automatically manage memory alloc...read more

Design a system to allow users to claim 6M burgers in 10 minutes

• Implement a scalable backend system to handle high volume of requests

• Use load balancing to distribute requests evenly across servers

• Set up a queue system to manage incoming requests and process them efficiently

• Implement caching mechanisms to reduce response times

• Consider implementing rate limiting to prevent abuse of the system

Design Walmart search API

• Define search parameters (e.g. product name, category, price range)

• Implement search algorithm (e.g. keyword matching, relevance ranking)

• Integrate with Walmart's product database

• Provide filtering and sorting options

• Ensure scalability and performance

• Include error handling and logging

Design a secure and efficient file download and upload system.

• Implement secure authentication and authorization mechanisms to control access to files

• Use encryption to protect data during transmission and storage

• Utilize a user-friendly interface for easy file upload and download

• Consider implementing version control for files to track changes and updates

Hardware selection depends on system requirements, vendor reputation, and cost.

• Identify system requirements and ensure hardware compatibility

• Research vendor reputation and reliability

• Consider cost and budget constraints

• Evaluate vendor support and maintenance options

• Compare hardware specifications and features

• Consider future scalability and upgrade options

The system had over 1 million users worldwide.

• The system had a global user base.

• The user count exceeded 1 million.

• Users were from various countries and regions.

Design a data processing system for 1 pb data per day with Spark cluster configuration

• Use a distributed storage system like HDFS or S3 to store the massive amount of data

• Deploy a large Spark cluster with high memory and CPU resources to handle the processing

• Utilize Spark's parallel processing capabilities to efficiently process the data in parallel

• Consider using Spark's caching and persistence mechanisms to optimize performance

• Implement fault tolerance mechanisms in the Spark...read more

The design of the system includes firewalls, intrusion detection systems, encryption protocols, and regular security audits.

• Implement firewalls to monitor and control incoming and outgoing network traffic

• Utilize intrusion detection systems to identify and respond to potential security threats

• Implement encryption protocols to secure data in transit and at rest

• Conduct regular security audits to identify vulnerabilities and ensure compliance with security policies

Design a ticketing system for managing and tracking tickets.

• Create a user-friendly interface for users to submit tickets.

• Implement a system for assigning tickets to appropriate teams or individuals.

• Include a feature for tracking the status of tickets and updating users on progress.

• Allow for prioritization of tickets based on urgency or impact.

• Generate reports on ticket resolution times and overall performance.

• Integrate with email notifications for updates on ticket status.

• Inc...read more

Designing a complete tool involves understanding the requirements, creating detailed drawings, selecting materials, and testing the tool for functionality.

• Understand the requirements and constraints of the tool

• Create detailed drawings and specifications for the tool

• Select appropriate materials for the tool based on its function and durability

• Test the tool for functionality and make necessary adjustments

• Consider ergonomics and user-friendliness in the design

Design classes for login page

• Create a User class with attributes like username, password, email, etc.

• Create a LoginService class with methods like validateUser, authenticateUser, etc.

• Create a LoginPage class to handle the UI elements and user interactions.

A coffee vending machine that offers a variety of hot beverages at the push of a button.

• Include options for different types of coffee (e.g. espresso, latte, cappuccino)

• Allow customization of drink preferences (e.g. sugar level, milk type)

• Accept payment through cash, card, or mobile payment methods

• Provide a user-friendly interface with clear instructions and options

• Include a maintenance system for refilling ingredients and cleaning

Design a scalable and efficient system for Netflix streaming service.

• Use microservices architecture for scalability and flexibility.

• Implement content delivery networks (CDNs) for fast and reliable streaming.

• Utilize caching mechanisms to reduce latency and improve performance.

• Implement recommendation algorithms to personalize user experience.

• Use load balancing to distribute traffic evenly across servers.

• Implement monitoring and logging systems for performance tracking and trou...read more

Designing an Ff system involves determining the layout, sizing components, selecting materials, and ensuring proper functionality.

• Understand the requirements and constraints of the project

• Create a detailed layout plan including the location of components such as fire pumps, sprinklers, and alarms

• Size components appropriately based on the area to be covered and fire protection needs

• Select materials that meet safety standards and regulations

• Ensure proper coordination with other...read more

Design a system for sequential transactions with rollback on failure

• Use a transaction manager to coordinate the two transactions

• Implement a try-catch mechanism to handle failures and trigger rollback if needed

• Ensure that both transactions are part of the same unit of work

Capacity management principles involve forecasting, planning, monitoring, and optimizing resources to meet business needs.

• Forecasting future capacity requirements based on historical data and trends

• Planning for resource allocation and utilization to ensure optimal performance

• Monitoring current capacity levels and performance metrics to identify bottlenecks or inefficiencies

• Optimizing resources through adjustments in infrastructure, processes, or technology

• Examples: Implementi...read more

Designing a messaging system like WhatsApp

• Choose a reliable and scalable backend technology like Node.js

• Implement end-to-end encryption for secure communication

• Use push notifications for real-time messaging

• Allow users to create groups and broadcast messages

• Provide features like voice and video calling

• Ensure data privacy and compliance with regulations

• Design a user-friendly interface for easy navigation

A job scheduler is a software application that manages the scheduling of tasks or jobs to be executed by a computer system.

• Define the job scheduling requirements such as priority, deadline, resource constraints, etc.

• Implement a scheduling algorithm like First Come First Serve, Shortest Job First, Round Robin, etc.

• Maintain a queue of jobs to be executed and allocate resources accordingly.

• Monitor job execution and handle any exceptions or errors that may occur.

• Optimize the sche...read more

Design a system for companies to schedule events, manage seats, and allow only employees to book shows.

• Create a database to store company information, event schedules, seat availability, and employee details

• Implement an authentication system to verify employee credentials

• Develop a user interface for companies to define event schedules, seat availability, and prices

• Allow employees to search and book shows based on their company affiliation

• Ensure proper validation and error han...read more

Design a cricinfo (LLD)

• Identify the entities: players, teams, matches, scorecards, tournaments, etc.

• Define the relationships between entities

• Create a database schema to store the data

• Implement APIs to fetch and update data

• Design a UI to display the information

• Consider scalability and performance

• Ensure data security and privacy

Design a search service for E-commerce website.

• Utilize a search engine like Elasticsearch for fast and accurate search results

• Implement filters for refining search results by category, price range, brand, etc.

• Include autocomplete suggestions to assist users in their search queries

• Optimize search results based on user behavior and preferences

• Allow users to save their search queries and receive notifications for new matching products

Design a system like Facebook

• Create a user registration and login system

• Implement a news feed for users to see updates from friends

• Allow users to create and join groups

• Include features like messaging, commenting, and liking posts

• Implement privacy settings for users to control who can see their content

Implement rate limiting for a platform serving 100K requests per second.

• Use a token bucket algorithm to limit the rate of incoming requests.

• Set a maximum number of tokens in the bucket to control the rate.

• Refill the bucket at a constant rate to allow bursts of requests.

• Track the timestamp of the last request to enforce the rate limit.

• Consider using a distributed rate limiting system for scalability.

• Monitor and adjust the rate limit based on system performance and load.

Design a system to read from a CDN

• Utilize a CDN to store and deliver content efficiently

• Implement caching mechanisms to reduce load times

• Use a content delivery network like Cloudflare or Akamai

• Consider implementing a multi-CDN strategy for redundancy and performance optimization