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Propagation delay is the time it takes for an electromagnetic wave to travel from one point to another.
Propagation delay is determined by the distance between the two points and the speed of light.
It is the time it takes for the wave to propagate through a medium or free space.
Propagation delay can be calculated using the formula: delay = distance / speed of light.
For example, if the distance between two points is...
A transmitter and receiver are essential components of a communication system.
Transmitter converts information into a suitable form for transmission.
Receiver receives the transmitted signal and converts it back into the original form.
Transmitter typically includes a modulator, power amplifier, and antenna.
Receiver typically includes an antenna, demodulator, and audio or video output.
Example: In a radio communicati...
VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio. It is a measure of how well a transmission line is matched to the impedance of the connected devices.
VSWR is a ratio of the maximum voltage to the minimum voltage along a transmission line.
It is used to measure the efficiency of power transfer and the impedance matching in RF systems.
A lower VSWR indicates better impedance matching and less power loss.
VSWR is important ...
Read cycle timing graphs in AHB illustrate the timing relationships between signals during data read operations.
AHB (Advanced High-performance Bus) is a high-speed bus protocol used in microcontrollers.
Read cycle timing involves signals like HCLK, HADDR, HWRITE, and HTRANS.
For example, HTRANS indicates the type of transfer (IDLE, BUSY, NONSEQ, SEQ).
Timing graphs show the relationship between address setup, data va...
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Design an OFDM system for a given scenario.
Determine the bandwidth and carrier frequency
Choose the number of subcarriers and their spacing
Select a suitable cyclic prefix length
Implement modulation scheme and error correction coding
Optimize system performance through simulation and testing
Rayleigh fading is a statistical model for the effect of a propagation environment on a radio signal.
Rayleigh fading is a common model for wireless channels because it accurately represents the random fluctuations in signal strength caused by multipath propagation.
It assumes that the signal is scattered by many objects in the environment, resulting in a large number of reflected signals arriving at the receiver wi...
OFDM is a modulation technique that divides a high-speed data stream into multiple subcarriers. CP is added to prevent inter-symbol interference.
OFDM stands for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
It is used in high-speed data transmission over wireless and wired networks
OFDM divides the data stream into multiple subcarriers that are orthogonal to each other
CP or Cyclic Prefix is added to each OFDM symbol to...
Cramer Rao's bound is a lower bound on the variance of any unbiased estimator of a parameter.
It is used in statistical signal processing to determine the accuracy of parameter estimation.
It is based on the Fisher information matrix, which measures the amount of information a random variable carries about a parameter.
The bound is tight when the estimator is efficient, meaning it achieves the minimum variance possib...
Coherence time and subcarrier spacing are inversely proportional.
Coherence time is the time duration over which a wireless channel remains constant.
Subcarrier spacing is the frequency difference between adjacent subcarriers in an OFDM system.
The coherence time and subcarrier spacing are inversely proportional to each other.
If the subcarrier spacing is decreased, the coherence time increases and vice versa.
This rel...
Optimal threshold for BPSK detection can be derived using the likelihood ratio test.
The threshold should be set such that the probability of false alarm is equal to the probability of detection.
The threshold can be derived by finding the point where the likelihood ratio crosses a certain threshold value.
The threshold can also be derived by maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio.
Simulation and testing can be done to ...
Linkedlist questions
I appeared for an interview in Mar 2025, where I was asked the following questions.
LAN types include wired, wireless, and hybrid networks, each serving different connectivity needs and environments.
Wired LAN: Uses Ethernet cables for connections; common in offices.
Wireless LAN (WLAN): Utilizes Wi-Fi technology; ideal for mobile devices.
Virtual LAN (VLAN): Segments networks logically; enhances security and performance.
Storage Area Network (SAN): Connects storage devices; used in data centers.
Home Area...
Snapdragon processors are widely used in various smartphones from multiple brands, enhancing performance and efficiency.
Samsung Galaxy S series (e.g., Galaxy S21, S22)
OnePlus devices (e.g., OnePlus 9, OnePlus 10)
Xiaomi smartphones (e.g., Mi 11, Mi 12)
Google Pixel phones (e.g., Pixel 5, Pixel 6)
LG smartphones (e.g., LG V60, LG G8)
I applied via Referral and was interviewed in Dec 2023. There were 3 interview rounds.
Modulation is the process of varying a carrier signal to transmit information. Different types include AM, FM, PM, and QAM.
Modulation is used to transfer information by varying a high-frequency carrier signal.
Amplitude Modulation (AM) varies the amplitude of the carrier signal to encode information.
Frequency Modulation (FM) varies the frequency of the carrier signal to encode information.
Phase Modulation (PM) varies th...
S-matrix is a mathematical representation used in RF engineering to describe the relationship between input and output signals of a linear system.
S-matrix is also known as scattering matrix.
It is used to analyze the behavior of RF circuits and systems.
S-matrix elements represent the complex amplitudes of the incident and reflected waves at each port of a network.
S11 parameter represents the reflection coefficient at po...
Different types of analog modulation schemes can be found in various communication systems.
Analog modulation schemes are used in radio broadcasting, television transmission, and wireless communication.
Some common types of analog modulation schemes include amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), and phase modulation (PM).
AM is used in AM radio broadcasting, where the amplitude of the carrier signal is vari...
VSWR stands for Voltage Standing Wave Ratio. It is a measure of how well a transmission line is matched to the impedance of the connected devices.
VSWR is a ratio of the maximum voltage to the minimum voltage along a transmission line.
It is used to measure the efficiency of power transfer and the impedance matching in RF systems.
A lower VSWR indicates better impedance matching and less power loss.
VSWR is important in RF...
A standing wave in a transmission line is a wave that appears to be stationary, resulting from the interference of two waves traveling in opposite directions.
A standing wave is formed when a wave traveling in one direction reflects back upon encountering an impedance mismatch in the transmission line.
The interference between the incident and reflected waves creates regions of constructive and destructive interference, ...
Amplitude modulation (AM) and frequency modulation (FM) waveforms can be represented graphically.
AM modulation: The amplitude of the carrier signal is varied in proportion to the amplitude of the modulating signal.
FM modulation: The frequency of the carrier signal is varied in proportion to the amplitude of the modulating signal.
Waveforms can be drawn to show the variations in amplitude or frequency over time.
AM wavefo...
Propagation delay is the time it takes for an electromagnetic wave to travel from one point to another.
Propagation delay is determined by the distance between the two points and the speed of light.
It is the time it takes for the wave to propagate through a medium or free space.
Propagation delay can be calculated using the formula: delay = distance / speed of light.
For example, if the distance between two points is 100 ...
A transmitter and receiver are essential components of a communication system.
Transmitter converts information into a suitable form for transmission.
Receiver receives the transmitted signal and converts it back into the original form.
Transmitter typically includes a modulator, power amplifier, and antenna.
Receiver typically includes an antenna, demodulator, and audio or video output.
Example: In a radio communication sy...
I applied via Internshala and was interviewed in Mar 2024. There was 1 interview round.
I am a passionate Design Engineer with a strong background in mechanical design and a knack for innovative problem-solving.
Graduated with a degree in Mechanical Engineering from XYZ University, where I developed a solid foundation in design principles.
Worked at ABC Company, where I led a team to redesign a product that improved efficiency by 30%.
Skilled in CAD software like SolidWorks and AutoCAD, having completed seve...
I applied via Referral and was interviewed in Jun 2024. There was 1 interview round.
Platform was hackerrank. very connected to the basics of ml.
I applied via Approached by Company and was interviewed in Jan 2024. There was 1 interview round.
Using Java Stream operations to manipulate student objects
Use Stream API to perform operations on a collection of student objects
Apply filter, map, reduce, and other stream operations to transform and manipulate data
Use lambda expressions to define the operations to be performed on each student object
Example: filtering students based on a certain criteria, mapping student names to uppercase, calculating the average gra...
I applied via Campus Placement and was interviewed in Jul 2023. There were 2 interview rounds.
Logical, Quant and English questions. C based theory questions, and digital electronics.
Read cycle timing graphs in AHB illustrate the timing relationships between signals during data read operations.
AHB (Advanced High-performance Bus) is a high-speed bus protocol used in microcontrollers.
Read cycle timing involves signals like HCLK, HADDR, HWRITE, and HTRANS.
For example, HTRANS indicates the type of transfer (IDLE, BUSY, NONSEQ, SEQ).
Timing graphs show the relationship between address setup, data valid, ...
I appeared for an interview before May 2024, where I was asked the following questions.
Led multiple engineering projects focusing on automation, efficiency, and innovative solutions in my previous company.
Developed an automated testing framework that reduced testing time by 30%.
Implemented a new data management system that improved data retrieval speed by 50%.
Collaborated with cross-functional teams to design a new product line, resulting in a 20% increase in market share.
Optimized existing manufacturing...
Some of the top questions asked at the Qualcomm interview for freshers -
The duration of Qualcomm interview process can vary, but typically it takes about less than 2 weeks to complete.
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