Panjab University Interview Questions and Answers

The MERN stack lifecycle involves setting up the environment, developing the application, testing, deploying, and maintaining.

• Setting up the environment involves installing MongoDB, Express.js, React, and Node.js.

• Development phase includes creating the frontend using React, backend using Node.js and Express, and connecting to MongoDB.

• Testing is done to ensure the application functions correctly and meets requirements.

• D...read more

A computer is an electronic device that processes data, performing calculations and executing instructions to solve problems.

• Computers can be classified into various types: desktops, laptops, tablets, and servers.

• They operate using hardware (physical components) and software (programs and applications).

• Examples of software include operating systems like Windows, macOS, and applications like Microsoft Office.

• Computers a...read more

RAM is volatile memory for temporary data storage, while ROM is non-volatile memory for permanent data storage.

• RAM (Random Access Memory) is used for temporary data storage while a computer is running.

• Examples of RAM include DDR4 and DDR5 memory modules.

• ROM (Read-Only Memory) stores firmware and system software permanently.

• Examples of ROM include BIOS and firmware in embedded systems.

• RAM is volatile, meaning it loses d...read more

The CPU, or Central Processing Unit, is the primary component of a computer that performs calculations and executes instructions.

• The CPU is often referred to as the 'brain' of the computer.

• It processes data and controls the operation of other components.

• Modern CPUs can have multiple cores, allowing for parallel processing (e.g., dual-core, quad-core).

• CPUs are measured in clock speed, typically in gigahertz (GHz), indic...read more

A battery is a device that stores and provides electrical energy through chemical reactions.

• Batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy.

• Common types include alkaline, lithium-ion, and lead-acid batteries.

• Used in various applications like smartphones, laptops, and electric vehicles.

• Rechargeable batteries can be reused multiple times, e.g., lithium-ion.

• Non-rechargeable batteries, like AA batteries, are used ...read more

The theory of competition explores how businesses vie for market share, influencing prices, quality, and innovation.

• Competition drives innovation; for example, tech companies constantly improve products to attract customers.

• Price competition can lead to lower prices for consumers, as seen in the airline industry where companies often undercut each other.

• Healthy competition can enhance quality; for instance, fast-food c...read more

Machine learning is used in various fields for predictive analytics, automation, and enhancing decision-making processes.

• Fraud detection in banking: Identifying unusual patterns in transactions.

• Recommendation systems: Used by Netflix and Amazon to suggest content/products.

• Image recognition: Employed in social media platforms for tagging photos.

• Natural language processing: Used in virtual assistants like Siri and Alexa.

• ...read more

Common cyber security threats include malware, phishing, ransomware, and DDoS attacks that compromise data and systems.

• Malware: Malicious software like viruses and worms that can damage or disrupt systems. Example: WannaCry ransomware.

• Phishing: Fraudulent attempts to obtain sensitive information by disguising as a trustworthy entity. Example: Email scams.

• Ransomware: A type of malware that encrypts files and demands pay...read more

Blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger that securely records transactions across multiple computers.

• Decentralization: No central authority; data is distributed across a network of computers.

• Immutability: Once recorded, transactions cannot be altered or deleted, ensuring data integrity.

• Transparency: All participants can view the entire transaction history, promoting trust.

• Consensus Mechanisms: Transactions are val...read more

A computer consists of hardware and software components that work together to perform tasks and process data.

• Central Processing Unit (CPU): The brain of the computer that performs calculations and executes instructions.

• Memory (RAM): Temporary storage that holds data and instructions for quick access by the CPU.

• Storage: Devices like Hard Disk Drives (HDD) or Solid State Drives (SSD) that store data permanently.

• Motherboa...read more

A printer is a peripheral device that produces hard copies of digital documents and images from a computer or other devices.

• Converts digital data into physical form, such as paper prints.

• Types of printers include inkjet, laser, and dot matrix.

• Inkjet printers spray tiny droplets of ink to create images.

• Laser printers use toner and heat to produce high-quality text and graphics.

• Printers can also produce color or black-an...read more

A monitor is an output device that displays visual information from a computer.

• Displays images, videos, and text generated by the computer's graphics card.

• Types include LCD, LED, and CRT monitors.

• Resolution determines clarity; common resolutions are 1920x1080 (Full HD) and 3840x2160 (4K).

• Monitors can have different refresh rates, affecting smoothness in motion; e.g., 60Hz vs. 144Hz.

• Some monitors support touch input, al...read more

A web browser is a software application used to access and navigate the internet, displaying web pages and multimedia content.

• Web browsers interpret HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to render web pages.

• Popular examples include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, Safari, and Microsoft Edge.

• Browsers often include features like bookmarks, history, and tabbed browsing.

• They can support various extensions and plugins to enhance functio...read more

A file is a digital container for storing data, such as documents, images, or programs, on a computer system.

• Files can be of various types, such as text files (.txt), image files (.jpg), and executable files (.exe).

• Files are organized in a hierarchical structure within directories or folders.

• Each file has a name and an extension that indicates its format and associated application.

• Files can be created, modified, delete...read more

Folders are digital containers used to organize and store files on a computer system.

• Folders help in categorizing files for easy access and management.

• Example: A folder named 'Projects' can contain files related to various projects.

• Folders can also contain subfolders, creating a hierarchy for better organization.

• Example: A folder 'Photos' can have subfolders like 'Vacations' and 'Family'.

• Folders can be created, renamed...read more

A framework is a structured platform that provides foundational support for building applications or systems.

• Frameworks provide reusable code and components, reducing development time.

• Examples include web frameworks like Django for Python and Angular for JavaScript.

• They often enforce design patterns, promoting best practices in coding.

• Frameworks can be specific to certain tasks, like TensorFlow for machine learning.

Access modifiers control the visibility of class members in object-oriented programming, enhancing encapsulation and security.

• Public: Members are accessible from any other class. Example: 'public int age;'

• Private: Members are accessible only within the same class. Example: 'private String name;'

• Protected: Members are accessible within the same package and subclasses. Example: 'protected void display();'

• Default: Members...read more

Data in computers refers to information processed or stored by a computer, including numbers, text, images, and sounds.

• Data can be classified into two main types: structured (e.g., databases) and unstructured (e.g., emails, videos).

• Examples of data include numerical values like '25', text strings like 'Hello World', and multimedia files like 'image.jpg'.

• Data is represented in binary format (0s and 1s) for processing by...read more

The invention of the computer cannot be attributed to a single inventor; it evolved through contributions from many pioneers.

• Charles Babbage is known as the 'father of the computer' for his design of the Analytical Engine in the 1830s.

• Alan Turing developed the concept of a theoretical computing machine, known as the Turing Machine, in the 1930s.

• John von Neumann contributed to the architecture of modern computers with t...read more

1 KB (Kilobyte) is equal to 1024 bytes, a standard measurement in digital data storage.

• 1 KB = 1024 bytes, based on binary system used in computing.

• In decimal terms, 1 KB is often approximated as 1000 bytes.

• Memory sizes in computers are typically measured in KB, MB (Megabytes), GB (Gigabytes), etc.

• Example: A simple text file may be around 1 KB in size, containing about 1000 characters.

Project handling involves managing and overseeing the various aspects of a project, including its duration.

• Project handling includes planning, organizing, and controlling project activities.

• It involves setting project goals, defining project scope, and creating a project schedule.

• Project duration refers to the time it takes to complete a project from start to finish.

• Factors influencing project duration include project ...read more